Fig. 4. Forest plots for comparison of outcomes between the minimally invasive and open groups: (A) operative time; (B) intraoperative blood loss; (C) need for blood transfusion; (D) Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3 complications; (E) Grade B−C Postoperative pancreatic fistula; (F) postoperative mortality; (G) length of hospital stay. SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; M−H, Mantel–Haenszel; IV, inverse variance.