Summary of enhanced recovery protocol in liver surgery
| Preoperative | Preoperative counseling education and exercise |
| Avoidance of bowel preparation | |
| Avoidance of preanesthesia medications | |
| Carbohydrate loading up to 2 h before surgery | |
| Perioperative | Antibiotic prophylaxis |
| Epidural analgesia | |
| Short acting intravenous anesthesia drugs | |
| Avoidance of hypothermia | |
| Glycaemic control | |
| Goal directed intravenous fluid therapy | |
| No nasogastric drainage tube or early removal | |
| No routine prophylactic abdominal drainage | |
| Postoperative | Avoidance of ICU stay |
| Early removal of urinary catheter (within first 24 h) | |
| Early oral intake | |
| Early discontinuation of intravenous fluids | |
| Early ambulation | |
| Nausea and vomiting prophylaxis | |
| Multimodal analgesia |
ICU, intensive care unit.