Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery

Table. 1. Table 1

Summary of Helicobacter pylori detection techniques

Technique	Description	Advantage	Disadvantage	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
Polymerase chain reaction	Primers of common conserved genes used to detect H. pylori are the urease A [18], urease C [19], 16S rRNA [20], Hsp60 gene [21]	High sensitivity and specificity	Susceptible to false positives	63–100 [21]	28–100 [21]
Serology	Utilizes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum H. pylori–specific immunoglobulin antibodies	Inexpensive and easily performed Able to detect H. pylori even in cases with low bacterial density	Cross reacts with antigens of other Helicobacter species and Campylobacter organisms Not specific for H. pylori infection of the gallbladder	80– 90 [17]	80– 90 [17]
Histology	Several stains used are the modified Giemsa, Warthin–Starry, Gimenez, Genta, and immunohistochemical H. pylori antibody stains	Able to directly demonstrate the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladder	Sensitivity is affected by factors such as site and pattern of colonization	69– 93 [23]	87–100 [23]
Microbial culture	Culture of H. pylori taken from bile or mucosal scrapings	Definitive method for demonstrating the presence of H. pylori infection in the gallbladder	Hard to culture due to type of specimens used and fastidious nature of H. pylori virus Affected by prior antibiotic usage	44 [22]	67 [22]

Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2023;27:241-50 https://doi.org/10.14701/ahbps.22-056